A digital badge is a simple but great way to acknowledge and share your contributions with your professional circle. You can attach your badge to a website, mail signature, or social network, and with one simple click, employers and other interested parties can easily view and verify your contributions.

Each badge has defined "Earning Criteria" and requirements for earning the specific badge. Additional badges will be created so be sure to check back often.

Contributor: Level 1

1. Must be a member of

2. Create 1 blog post/library entries on either:

Related to Mainframe foundational concepts to increase learning assets for the community, using blog post, videos, articles and existing or new reference.

Or share your mainframe journey, follow the .

It should be using Gitbook course structure –

1. Must be engaged with the community via our channels (Slack channels and Comments on Gitbook)

Contributor - Level 2

1. Must be a member of

2. Must be engaged with the community via our channels:

   1. Engage in the Slack Channels

Contributor - Level 3

1. Must be a

2. Collaborate with other contributors and be part of ​ from other contributors.

3. Demonstrate engagement via content/has engaged with content in the form of likes, follows and meaningful comments.

We are a community-centric project and welcome the participation and contribution of all members of the mainframe community. Whether you would like to contribute content, or want to discuss existing content and how to improve it, we welcome and encourage the interaction.

What type of content can you contribute? Content comes in all forms, the only limitation is that it should be publicly available, attributed to the author, and not violate any copyrights. We welcome links to articles, infographics, courses, videos, blog posts, podcasts and more. All submissions will be reviewed by the MOE team and upon acceptance, merged into the workspace.

Step 0: Review Legal Disclaimer, Copyright and License

Step 1: Request editor access and sign in:

Use the following invitation link to sign in as an editor:

Step 2: Edit by Comments and Discussions

Once your access is approved, there are two ways of contributing: . Please review the help documents to understand how these processes work.

Step 3: Edit

Step 3) When creating a change request first click on the "Edit" button on the top right side of the site page. Next provide a description for your request. The field is located on the top left of the site page after you click "Edit." When submitting content through the change request, provide a high-level description of the content and the name of the content creator.

Note: Changes requests should be made by page. If you have suggestions to more than a page, it is required to create a Change Request per Page. Otherwise, your Change Request might be rejected.

For more detailed information on how to contribute to the project, please download our Contributor Quick Reference Guide below.

Welcome

Welcome to Mainframe Open Education (MOE), proudly sponsored by the Open Mainframe Project (OMP). We're thrilled to have you join our vibrant community, where our partnership is dedicated to open-sourcing mainframe learning roadmaps and facilitating knowledge transfer.

We aim to create an inclusive space where everyone, including hiring managers, can easily access plans and collaborate on developing valuable assets. The wealth of information within our community spans minds and archives across various organizations, ensuring a rich and welcoming environment for all.

Join MOE community on Slack:

Get Started

To start as a learner and contributor, please read MOE's , and .

Active GitHub Project Tracker

Prior to 2024

Here is the retired Trello board that we previously used for project tracking and management (prior to 2024):

Git Involved is a monthly community campaign by Mainframe Open Education designed to make it easy—and welcoming—for anyone to participate in the open mainframe education ecosystem.

Whether you’re brand new to the mainframe, a student, educator, or experienced professional, Git Involved gives you simple, meaningful ways to contribute, learn, and connect. No prior open-source experience required.

By getting involved, you help shape open, accessible mainframe learning resources—and you become part of a global community passionate about growing the next generation of mainframe talent.

How to Git Involved

1. Join the (glad you are here!) Explore our open learning hub and learn how to navigate and contribute.

2. Share Your Story Add your experience to the “” page and help inspire others who are new to the platform.

3. Make a Contribution Contribute in a way that fits your comfort level:

• Fix a typo or small formatting issue

• Suggest a new topic

• Propose an improvement to a New to Mainframe chapter

Every contribution counts—big or small.

4. Attend an Event Join our community through:

• Monthly

• Bi-weekly Core Team meetings (contact to add you to the meetings!)

• or local New to Z meetups

Check out our upcoming events to find one that works for you.

5. Earn Your MOE Member Badge Once you’ve completed the steps above, email to confirm your participation and receive your MOE Member badge as recognition of your contribution.

Questions? Reach out to us on the

If you have questions or suggestions regarding this project, please feel free to reach out to us on the Open Mainframe Project's Slack under the #omp-education-project channel.

If you require an invite to the Slack workspace, please visit slack.openmainframeproject.org.

In this world of fast changing technology industry, Mainframe Open Education (MOE) is needed to cater the problem of collection of education materials out today that includes the unique expertise of the mainframe community.

It is aimed to provide a community support platform where experts can share their knowledge and their materials. The Mainframe Open Education project offers a convenient, easy-to-use platform through which the experts can share their up-to-date materials and even make collaboration with the broader mainframe community.

It can also provide a clear learning path and fill the technology skills gap by offering materials at no cost or even low cost. And then open opportunities for community support and engagement, where experts and seasoned professionals can share their knowledge and best practices.

Students

• Contribute with existing gaps and needs.

• Provide feedback on the existing documentation

• Discover new ways of building the content and learning experiences.

• Consume the content for your own skill building

Teacher Technology

• Contribute with existing gaps and needs.

• Consume the content for your own skill building

• Use existing content to accelerate students' skill building

Technical Experts

• Contribute with existing gaps and needs.

• Consume the content for your own skill building

• Validate your concepts and knowledge of Students

Technical Retirees

• Contribute with existing gaps and needs.

• Consume the content for your own skill building

• Validate your concepts and knowledge by contributing and creating new content

People Managers

• Provide guidance to your employees on the exposure mainframe community enable you

• Guide employees to resources and learning paths to expand their skills.

• Encourage their employees to contribute content, and/or provide feedback.

Learning Providers

• Contribute with existing gaps and needs.

• Expose your content, courses and assets to the community

• Learn from the trainees and learners trends and needs

Others?

Mainframe Open Education (MOE) is sponsored by the Open Mainframe Project (OMP). The community partnership focuses on ‘open sourcing’ mainframe learning roadmaps and community knowledge transfer. To make it easier for hiring managers to have access to a plan and co-develop valuable assets – much of it in the minds and archives of our respective organizations.

Vision

The vision of MOE is to build a place for mainframe experts to share and consume the tribal knowledge they gained with years of experience. MOE board of experts will promote submissions within quality standards for the end user - all are cataloged in a consumable roadmap orientation. There are thousands of experts in the market to pass knowledge to the next generation. Join the project to learn about this community partnership and how to participate and contribute.

Mission

The MOE mission is to offer all mainframe users a platform to cultivate skill onboarding that is most critical to future hires and to allow for knowledge sharing and community contribution. We seek to align the best-of-breed foundational curriculum to cultivate new mainframe skills for today's hybrid data center. Specifically, MOE can help with the following aspects:

• Mainframe eco-system collaboration is designed to support companies as they onboard new mainframe talent.

• Create a community through shared ownership and a shared platform via the Open Mainframe Project.

• Encourage market contributions of education assets

Content Phases

The project was designed based on five initial phases.

Our goal is to ensure we have the most relevant information organized in a logical and accessible way for the community.

This structure is a starting point where the can contribute and collaborate to develop and continuously improve the content library.

Key Sections

Here are the five chapters of MOE content currently under development:

General

All participants agree to abide by the LF Projects, LLC Code of Conduct, available below.

Incident Procedure

To report any violations or concerns, contact .

JOIN THE MOVEMENT

Upcoming MOE-Hosted Events

• Monthly Mainframe Open Education Student User Groups webinars - 1st Wednesday Every Month - - Catch up with the other SUG videos by watching on the

• Bi-Weekly Mainframe Open Education Meetings: We're always looking for new members to join our core team. We host it every other week virtually on Google Meet and discuss future events and topics for MOE. If you are interested in joining please reach out on our

Upcoming Partner-Hosted Events

• New to IBM Z events: Deepen your technical skills, expand your global network, and connect with mentors and other early tenure professionals on the mainframe platform.

Previous Events attended by MOE

• @ Orlando, FL- October 2025

  • Session Topic: Transforming z/OS Software Management with an Open-First Approach Using Ansible and Zowe

    • Presenters: Jan Prihoda and Rose Sakach (Broadcom)

Recordings

Student User Group Recordings:

Techstrong TV Episode 24 (2023)

Share 2020 Mainframe Open Education Panel

Reviewer Nomination Form

Interested in giving back to the mainframe community? Interested in becoming a Reviewer? Nominate yourself now at https://forms.gle/9M1zssvrMTAegZKn8.

For more information on how to review submissions, please check out our quick reference guide on the process.

The Leads will review and vote on all nominations (Core Team access only) on a monthly basis.

Once approved you will be added to the Reviewer list and receive guidance from the Core Team/Leader below.

Reviewer List

In the fast-paced world of modern business, enterprise systems stand as the backbone of operations, facilitating critical functions and driving organizational success. But what exactly distinguishes enterprise computing from its counterpart, and how does it shape the technological landscape of today's global enterprises? Let's delve into the intricacies of enterprise systems and explore their profound impact on businesses worldwide.

In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, two formidable forces have emerged as pillars of computing infrastructure: the Mainframe and the Cloud. Each represents a distinct era in the evolution of computing, yet their convergence in today's digital ecosystem is reshaping the way organizations approach data processing, storage, and management.

Please refer to the article "Mainframe vs. Cloud: Computing for the Future" by Kingson Jebaraj. It comprehensively analyzes Mainframe and Cloud Computing, detailing their similarities, differences, advantages, and disadvantages through informative comparison tables. Additionally, it outlines essential factors to consider when deciding between Mainframe and Cloud Computing solutions.

Having explored the distinctions, advantages, and considerations between Mainframe and Cloud Computing, it's crucial to understand the continuing relevance of mainframe technology in today's cloud-centric world. The forthcoming article, "Why Mainframes Matter in the Age of Cloud Computing," delves into the enduring significance of mainframes, underscoring their unparalleled reliability, security, and performance capabilities that, even in an era dominated by cloud solutions, remain critical for the operations of large organizations and industries worldwide. This piece will illuminate how, despite the surge in cloud computing, mainframes continue to be a foundational technology, seamlessly integrating with modern infrastructures to support the complex demands of contemporary computing.

Copyright Contributors to Mainframe Open Education Project.

This project is licensed under a , except for content from other sources where a different license is otherwise noted.

By submitting any contribution to this project, you certify that you accepts the as required by the Open Mainframe Project.

Enterprise computing refers to the use of computer systems and software within a large organization or enterprise to handle various business processes and tasks. It involves the deployment and management of extensive IT infrastructure to support the diverse needs of a business, ranging from data storage and processing to communication and collaboration.

One fundamental aspect of enterprise computing is the establishment of a robust and scalable network infrastructure. This network serves as the backbone for connecting different departments, locations, and employees, enabling seamless communication and data transfer. The scale of enterprise computing often requires sophisticated solutions such as virtual private networks (VPNs), firewalls, and other security measures to protect sensitive data and ensure the integrity of the network.

Enterprise computing also involves the deployment of centralized databases and servers to store and manage vast amounts of data generated by the organization. This data can include customer information, financial records, inventory details, and more. The ability to efficiently store, retrieve, and process this data is crucial for the smooth functioning of the enterprise.

In addition to infrastructure, enterprise computing encompasses various software applications tailored to meet specific business needs. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, for example, integrate various business processes like finance, human resources, and supply chain management into a unified platform. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software helps organizations manage and analyze customer interactions and data throughout the customer lifecycle.

Security is a paramount concern in enterprise computing, given the sensitive nature of the data involved. Enterprises implement encryption, access controls, and regular security audits to safeguard their digital assets from unauthorized access or cyber threats.

To discover the essentials of enterprise computing and learn why Mainframes are crucial to the success of global businesses. This brief introduction, presented by Lucan Sahn from IBM, highlights the reliability, security, and scalability of Mainframes, showcasing their role as the cornerstone of industry leaders:

Overall, enterprise computing is a holistic approach to managing and optimizing the information technology resources of a large organization. It aims to enhance efficiency, productivity, and collaboration while ensuring the security and integrity of the organization's digital infrastructure.

You might not know the mainframe, however, it is part of your daily routine. Chances are you are not a direct user of mainframes. Still, you are an end user of most of the financial, enterprise, retail, and data management transactions that are taking place throughout the day. Given how competitive markets are and the wide variety of services/providers available to clients, one unavailability or transaction denied might be a trigger for a client to switch for good to another competitor.

Let's imagine a practical example from an end user perspective: as a consumer, you probably hold more than a credit card - still you have your favorite option used on a regular base. If you happen to experience a situation where your main card does not complete a transaction in an important moment, you tend to offer one of your other cards. If the new transaction process works well, you get satisfied - and chances are high that you will keep using this card which delivers a smooth purchase experience. Imagine now the other side of this story: would you like to be the company whose transaction experienced problems? This is definitely a bad nightmare scenario for a transaction credit card company.

All types and sizes of businesses and organizations can leverage mainframe as the foundation technology to support their business, specially for their mission-critical applications. The most common are:

• Big organizations that manage enterprise-wide mission-critical ERP operations

• Banks that handle trillions of transactions

• Backend operations of many digital applications

We invite you to watch the video below to understand why enterprises use the mainframe, the key differences between the mainframe and other platforms, and the different roles and personas in the mainframe world. It shows you the enduring significance of the mainframe in technology's evolving landscape, showcasing its resilience and pivotal role in today's business strategies. With a staggering 76 percent acknowledgment from business leaders and projections indicating a robust 63 percent growth in MIPS, the mainframe remains a foundational element in IT.

Amid the dynamic digital economy, mainframes support the exponential growth of mobile transactions, playing a pivotal role in diverse industries' success. Digital disruptors leveraging mainframes generate 2.5 times more profit, solidifying the mainframe as a cornerstone of innovation and efficiency in the digital age.

Watch the video below and use the following questions for your guidance:

1. How do recent survey results reflect the current perception of mainframes among business leaders, and what factors contribute to the sustained importance of mainframes in the evolving IT landscape?

2. In what ways does the IBM Z13 contribute to the enduring success of mainframes, and how do global studies, particularly those with over 324,000 IT customers, emphasize the efficiency and economic advantages of mainframes in large-scale business computing?

3. Explore the studies conducted by Dr. Howard Rubin regarding mainframes, focusing on their environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and comparative advantages over distributed servers. How do these findings challenge common misconceptions and contribute to the ongoing reliance on mainframes in various industries?

In the intricate tapestry of modern computing, the concept of Hybrid Cloud stands out as a pivotal thread weaving together the resilience of mainframe systems with the dynamic possibilities of cloud computing. As we embark on this exploration, we unveil the synergy that arises when traditional meets contemporary, presenting a comprehensive understanding of how Hybrid Cloud architectures revolutionize the landscape of mainframe computing, empowering enterprises to navigate the digital realm with unparalleled efficiency and innovation.

Use the following questions as guidance, and read the blog "Mainframe is a Part of Your Cloud Strategy. Now What?" by Matt Hogstrom.

1. How can businesses leverage Mainframe data to gain a competitive advantage in the market?

2. How does a Hybrid Cloud architecture enhance the capabilities of both the Mainframe and Cloud, and how does it differ from a Cloud-only strategy in modernizing infrastructure?

3. What are the three proven approaches outlined in the blog for successfully integrating Mainframe workloads into a Hybrid Cloud, and how do they contribute to the overall value of the IT investment?

Use the following questions as guidance, and read the blog "The Future of Hybrid Cloud" by Matt Hogstrom.

1. How does the Hybrid Cloud model synergize the strengths of mainframes with the agility and scalability of cloud services, and why is this integration crucial for achieving organizational success in today's competitive landscape?

2. In what ways does the concept of an "Open-First" approach, leveraging open APIs, command line interfaces, and modern open-source technologies, simplify the integration and extension of mainframes within a hybrid cloud environment? How does it impact the development experience and flexibility for both mainframe and cloud programmers?

As highlighted in the brief history and timeline section, the mainframe has a legacy dating back to the 1950s. While its long presence might give the impression of antiquity, it remains a dynamic and evolving field. Some may be familiar with mainframes, associating them with history, while others might be encountering the term for the first time. Despite its age, the mainframe continues to be a thriving domain, from its early contributions to NASA studies to its contemporary role in facilitating a significant portion of our daily transactions.

Overview

This project aims to be governed in a transparent, accessible way for the benefit of the community. All participation in this project is open and not bound to corporate affiliation. Participants are bound to the Code of Conduct.

Project Roles

Editor

The Editor role is the starting role for anyone participating in the project and wishing to contribute education assets.

Process for becoming a Editor

• Ensure your contribution is inline with the project's guidelines

• Submit your contribution as a Change Request

• Have your submission approved by a Reviewer

Reviewer

The Reviewer role enables the contributor to approve Change Requests, but also comes with the responsibility of being a responsible leader in the community.

The current list of active Reviewer can be seen at the .

Process for becoming a Reviewer

• Show your experience with the project through contributions and engagement on the community channels.

• Voted to become a Reviewer by the majority of the currently active Reviewer.

Reviewer responsibilities

• Monitor Slack

• Triage Discussions

• Make sure that ongoing Change Requests are moving forward at the right pace or closing them

Emeritus status

If a Reviewer is no longer interested or cannot perform the duties listed above, they should volunteer to be moved to emeritus status. In extreme cases, this can also occur by a vote of the Reviewers per the voting process below.

Leads

The MOE Project Lead is designated to the Technical Steering Committee. They are the primary point of contact for the project and representative to the Open Mainframe Project's Technical Advisory Council. The Lead(s) will be responsible for the overall project health and direction, coordination of activities, and working with other projects and committees as needed for the continued growth of the project.

Release Process

Project releases will occur as soon as a Reviewer approves a Change Request. Any changes will be live thereafter.

Conflict Resolution and Voting

In general, we prefer that Issues, Discussions and Reviewer membership are amicably worked out between the persons involved.

If a dispute cannot be decided independently, the Reviewers can be called in to decide an issue. If the Reviewers themselves cannot decide an issue, the issue will be resolved by voting. The voting process is a simple majority in which each committer receives one vote.

Communication

This project, just like all of open source, is a global community. In addition to the , this project will:

• Keep all communication on open channels

• Be respectful of time and language differences between the community members

• Ensure tools are able to be used by community members regardless of their region

If you have concerns about communication challenges for this project, .

Imagine waking up every morning, reaching for your smartphone, checking your email, and sipping on your favourite coffee. Little do you know, a silent powerhouse called a mainframe is working behind the scenes to make it all happen seamlessly. Think of a mainframe as the superhero of computers, capable of handling massive amounts of data and transactions.

While they might not be as flashy or portable as your smartphone, these machines power many of the things we rely on every day. Imagine all of the banking transactions, airline reservations, and government records that are moving around the world in a moment. That's the power of the mainframe!

Here are some real-life examples of where you might encounter mainframes:

• When you swipe your credit card, the mainframe verifies your information and approves the transaction in milliseconds.

• When you book a flight, your reservation is processed and your seat is confirmed, thanks to the mainframe's lightning-fast speed.

• When you browse a massive online store, the mainframe retrieves millions of products and displays them on your screen in seconds.

These machines are robust, rugged, and always ready for action. You might not have heard about them, but they've been with you, quietly ensuring everything ticks smoothly from dawn till dusk. Join us on a journey to uncover the hidden marvels of the mainframe, a technological wizardry that's closer to your daily routine than you could ever imagine.

Some folks might dismiss mainframes as ancient relics, assuming they're outdated technology. But before we start exploring, let's take a moment to unravel the mystery as Rosalind, an IBM fellow, shares her insights on the subject.

Watch the video "Mainframe Myths Debunked" by Rosalind Radcliffe, and answer the following questions:

1. How does the introduction of the Telum processor challenge the perception of mainframes being "old" systems?

2. In what ways does the script debunk the myth that mainframes are "expensive"?

3. How does the transaction processing efficiency of mainframes contribute to their modern capabilities?

IBM mainframes are not just computers; they're technological marvels. From running operating systems like Linux® and IBM z/OS® to orchestrating massive simultaneous transactions and ensuring top-tier security, these machines are at the forefront of innovation.

Join us as we delve into the intricacies of mainframe engineering—uncovering their capacity on demand, shared memory dynamics, and the impressive execution of secure web transactions. We'll unravel the layers of redundancy that make them resilient in the face of extreme conditions.

Watch the video "What is a Mainframe" by Dr. Philipp Brune, and answer the following questions:

1. What are the key differences between the mainframe paradigm and the cloud or grid paradigm regarding architecture and scalability?

2. How does the shared memory architecture of mainframes contribute to their suitability for applications requiring high transaction security and efficient information sharing among parallel transactions?

3. In what ways does the hardware architecture of mainframes, originating from the IBM S/360 generation, demonstrate a unique aspect through its full backward compatibility despite the evolution in appearance?

As you can see, IBM mainframes are uniquely engineered to:

• Run common operating systems like , specialized operating systems such as IBM , and software that takes advantage of unique hardware capabilities.

• Support massive simultaneous and throughput (I/O) with built-in capacity on demand and built-in shared memory for direct application communication.

• Deliver the highest levels of with built-in cryptographic cards and innovative software. For instance, the latest

Before we plunge into the technical intricacies of mainframes, let's kick off this tech journey with something we're likely more acquainted with servers.

Below, you'll find a concise yet all-encompassing infographic that puts servers head-to-head with mainframes from the perspective of the end users. Please take a moment to dive into the details, and once you've absorbed the visual feast, there are some additional readings may find interesting right below the link, followed by three reflective learning questions.

Additional readings:

① Investing in the mainframe as part of modernizing in place is much more cost-effective than complete modernization outside the mainframe. Read More

② Moving mainframe workloads to the cloud could cost 5.21x more in total cost of ownership. Read More

③ For top-performing organizations, there is a direct and positive correlation between their mainframe investment and their overall performance relative to others.

1. What specific features make mainframes more suitable for applications demanding the highest levels of security, and how do these features differ from those found in servers?

2. Analyze the factors that contribute to the exceptional uptime of mainframes, such as the z/OS operating system, and compare it to the challenges servers face in achieving similar levels of continuous operation. How does the difference in downtime affect the overall performance and maintenance capabilities of each system?

3. Explore the trade-offs between the initial investment in mainframes and the potential long-term savings in TCO. In what scenarios would the higher upfront cost of mainframes be justified, and how does the TCO calculation differ for distributed server environments?

Beyond the imposing presence of the big black box lies the intricate and sophisticated physical architecture of this technological marvel. But it's not just about the hardware; it's about unveiling the next generation of the world’s most powerful transaction system—IBM Z.

IBM Z introduces a groundbreaking encryption engine capable of executing more than 12 billion encrypted transactions per day. This engine is a game-changer, enabling pervasive encryption of data associated with any application, cloud service, or database all the time. Join us on this rapid journey behind the scenes as we explore the magic that transforms these physical components into the powerhouse of IBM Z. Let's witness the assembly of innovation!

a) Mainframe Key Components

Previously, the term mainframe was synonymous with the hardware (S/360, S/370, S/390 chips) and software (MVS, VM, VSE). However, nowadays, the term mainframe has a more complex meaning. The term mainframe must be divided into two meanings: (1) the hardware (Z-Series chip) and (2) the operating systems supported by the Z-Series chip (z/VM, z/OS, z/VSE, Linux).

• Mainframe Hardware: Z-Series CPU chips: Supports z/VM, z/OS, z/VSE, Linux operating systems, and open-source software. Also supports Hybrid Cloud technology. Mainframe hardware includes outboard I/O and encryption CPUs, hyperchannels, redundant power supplies, and resilience.

• Mainframe Software: Z-Series software is traditionally called VM, z/VM, MVS, MVS/XA, MVS/ESA, z/OS, VSE or z/VSE. These operating systems have evolved and been used over the last 50 years. Mainframe software has evolved from a purely batch-oriented system using only JCL to incorporating real-time interfaces and Unix System Service. Mainframe software has progressed to being compatible with distributed systems, with being the most notable innovation.

b) Virtual Tour on a Mainframe

Embark on a fascinating virtual journey as we extend an exclusive invitation to enter the intricate world of mainframe hardware. In the immersive virtual experience you will experience below, we bring the mainframe to life, allowing you to understand its contemporary physical architecture intimately. Join us on this captivating virtual tour and witness the inner workings of the modern mainframe.

Here is the navigation instruction for your tour:

1. From the link above, choose the “Run Online/Web” option and choose “System/Server”.

2. Pick IBM Z for the latest mainframe. Then you just need to click on the latest machine type, which is at the top of the list, once you join in the machine, find “Explore Product Animation” where you can navigate through all the machine details.

Many uncritically believe that the mainframe z/OS system is inherently secure without additional attention or effort. In reality, it's more accurate to say that it is the most secure platform but is the most secure platform only when appropriately managed.

Watch this video below that introduces three common myths about the mainframe, using the following guiding questions to assist your comprehension:

1. For the security of mainframe, why is it emphasized that despite the mainframe's secure foundation, applying and monitoring controls are crucial for maintaining genuine data protection?

Curious about who relies on mainframe technology? You may not realize it, but mainframes are part of our everyday lives. Have you ever used an ATM to manage your bank account? If so, you've interacted with a mainframe computer.

Mainframes hold a significant role in the modern business landscape, particularly within the world's largest corporations. While various forms of computing are integral to business operations, mainframes remain essential in today's e-business environment. They are the backbone of many critical sectors, such as banking, finance, healthcare, insurance, utilities, government, and countless other public and private enterprises. Let's dive deeper into the world of mainframes and discover their diverse applications.

Read the chapter "Who uses mainframes and why do they do it?" below and answer the following questions:

As highlighted in the brief history and timeline section, the mainframe has a legacy dating back to the 1950s. While its long presence might give the impression of antiquity, it remains a dynamic and evolving field. Some may be familiar with mainframes, associating them with history, while others might be encountering the term for the first time.

Some of the key trends shaping the future of mainframes:

• Virtualization: As mainframes become more virtualized, they can be shared by various users and applications.

Mainframe modernization is a critical topic that has evolved alongside the development of mainframe applications and systems. But what does it truly mean to modernize a mainframe? It's a question that often eludes a clear, comprehensive definition. In this subchapter, we've gathered objective and insightful discussions from the Mainframe Open Education community, distilling the key points to help you grasp this essential concept. Whether you're new to mainframes or looking to deepen your understanding, this overview aims to provide a clear and thorough exploration of what modernization means in the context of mainframe technology.

In this article by IBM, you will get a basic understanding of what mainframe modernization is and why modernization is such an essential topic for mainframe:

In the article 'So What Does ‘Mainframe Modernization’ Really Mean?' Allen Zander outlines seven key facets of mainframe modernization, offering a valuable framework for understanding this complex topic. These facets include cost modernization, professional skills, interface modernization, progressive modernization, code modernization, performance modernization, and transparency modernization.

We will adopt this framework for the remaining part of this subchapter to aggregate the discussions and content.

The evolution of human computation, from ancient tally sticks to the modern marvels of technology, traces a fascinating journey. The series of videos below delves into the rich tapestry of computing history, from Stonehenge and abacuses to the revolutionary era of mainframes. Alan Turing's groundbreaking algorithms with the concept of a stored program computer and the commercial dawn of computers in the mid-20th century set the stage for a transformative period in business computing.

Amid the cultural upheavals of the 1960s, IBM's 360 emerged as the harbinger of modern mainframes, reshaping business computing and empowering endeavors like NASA's space missions.

The mainframe's impact on real-time transaction processing in the 1970s laid the foundation for critical systems like credit card authorizations and airline reservations.

Zowe, the integrated and extensible open source framework for z/OS, combines the past and present to build the future of mainframes. Like Mac OS, Windows, and others, Zowe comes with a core set of applications out of the box in combination with the APIs and OS capabilities future applications will depend on.

Zowe offers modern interfaces to interact with z/OS similar to what you may experience on cloud platforms today. You can use these interfaces as delivered or through plug-ins and extensions that are created by clients or third-party vendors.

Learn about Zowe architecture, components, and how to quickly get started with Zowe. Read about what's new and changed in the Release Notes, and FAQs along with thorough documentation to:

• Setup and use

• Extend

• Troubleshoot

• Contribute

How to Interact with z/OS?

Interacting with IBM z/OS using the TN3270 terminal remains a staple for mainframe professionals, despite the availability of modern methods like code editors. Typically, you begin by opening the TN3270 client to connect to TSO/E, the interface that enables multiple users to interact with the mainframe simultaneously. After logging in with your credentials, you access ISPF (Interactive System Productivity Facility), a menu-driven interface that allows you to navigate and manage various components of z/OS. Through ISPF panels, you can edit code, submit jobs, manage datasets, and monitor system activities. Upon the completion of your tasks, you can log off from TSO/E to end your session and disconnect from the mainframe. While newer tools offer more user-friendly features, the TN3270 terminal is a reliable and essential method for direct access to system resources.

Overview of the TN3270 software emulator

3270 and TN3270 are key interfaces for connecting to z/OS. TN3270, or Telnet 3270, is emulator software that allows workstations to connect and log into z/OS systems. Understanding TN3270 is essential for z/OS users, as it emulates the functionality of the original 3270 display devices introduced in 1971. The 3270 devices used a character data stream protocol, which was designed for efficient data entry and retrieval, compensating for the limited network capabilities of the era. This protocol's efficiency continues to be valuable today, especially when fast interactive response times are needed on z/OS.

While TN3270 brings the 3270 interface to modern workstations, it does have some quirks, particularly around keyboard navigation. The original 3270 had a unique keyboard layout, and as keyboards evolved, differences such as the location of the 'Enter' key arose. In TN3270 emulators, the 'Enter' command (hex X'7D') is often mapped to the right 'Ctrl' key rather than the labeled 'Enter' key, but most emulators allow customization of these key mappings to fit user preferences.

TN3270 emulators offer various configuration options, including screen sizes, fonts, colors, and code pages, making them flexible tools for connecting to z/OS. They are used daily by support technicians, developers, and many back-office personnel for business transactions and production applications. The ability to customize login screens and cursor placements enhances user interaction with z/OS applications. TN3270’s speed, reliability, and customization options make it an indispensable tool for accessing z/OS environments, both now and in the future.

Watch the following video to learn 3270 and TN3270:

Overview of the TSO/E (Time Sharing Options Extensions)

TSO is a command-line interface that’s an integral part of the z/OS operating system, offering a text-based way to interact with the system. While it may remind you of the DOS command prompt in Windows, TSO is far more powerful and is specifically tailored for mainframe operations.

Although TSO itself is text-based and does not support full-screen interactions, it’s commonly used alongside ISPF (Interactive System Productivity Facility), which enables full-screen applications for a more interactive user experience. TSO also plays a critical role behind the scenes, handling background tasks such as processing commands, scripts, and batch jobs.

Watch the following video to learn TSO/E in detail:

You might also find the introduction happening in 3270 helpful to match the concept to the actual practice:

Overview of ISPF (Interactive System Productivity Facility)

Interactive System Productivity Facility (ISPF) is a multi-faceted development tool set for IBM Z®. It provides host-based software development, including software configuration management. Watch this video to get a brief idea about ISPF:

This short video provides a more details introduction to ISPF:

Overview of ISPF Editor

Overview of UNIX System Services (USS)

Ready to embark on the journey of becoming a mainframer? Fantastic! To kickstart your exploration, let's begin by unraveling the language of the mainframe world.

In the video below, titled "Talk Like a Mainframer," we'll guide you through 33 popular terms that seasoned mainframers use in their daily discourse. Whether you're a budding enthusiast or a seasoned pro, understanding this unique lexicon is key to navigating the intricate landscape of mainframe technology.

For your reference, here are the terms mentioned in the video above:

1. z/OS: A widely used operating system for IBM mainframe computers that uses 64-bit central storage. A descendant of the IBM 360, 370 XA, and 390 ESA MVS which were 24 and 32-bit operating systems.

2. Abend: Term for abnormal ends associated with a job or task. Not a crisis; return codes or reason codes aid troubleshooting.

3. Syslog (System Log): Contains dumps and messages on consoles.

4. Job Log: Provides information before and after an abnormal end, aiding analysis.

5. ACK: acknowledgment field. Shorthand confirmation is commonly used in developer conversations.

6. APARs (Authorized program analysis reports): Identifies bugs and progresses through temporary fixes to the final Program Temporary Fix (PTF).

7. Batch Jobs: Automated tasks, often scheduled during low-usage times for activities like report generation.

8. BCP (Base Control Program): Core of z/OS, residing in the central electronic complex, aka the "Box" or "Keck."

9. CICS (Customer Information Control System). Middleware subsystem optimizing high transaction volumes.

10. CEC (Central Electronic Complex): Houses core mainframe hardware components, often referred to as the "Keck" or "Box."

11. Sysprogs: A systems programmer. Manage the mainframe, handling tasks like installing products, dealing with JCL, and ensuring smooth operations.

12. Concurrent Upgrades: Allow dynamic updates without rebooting.

13. Coupling Facility: Ensures data consistency across parallel systems.

14. IMS (Information Management System): Legacy subsystem.

15. ESM (External Security Manager): Handles security for products, including ACF2, Top Secret, and RACF.

16. Fiber Channel: Communication channel.

17. OSA (Open Systems Adapter): a Network Interface Card (NIC)

18. GDPS (Global Data Processing Services): High-end solution for disaster recovery.

19. Parallel Sysflex: Facilitates parallel systems, often referred to as a "Plex."

20. HMC (Hardware Management Console): Desktop gateway to the mainframe.

21. ISPF (Interactive System Productivity Facility): Provides a terminal interface for system management.

22. JCL (Job Control Language): Simplifies job creation.

23. LPARs (Logical Partitions): Allow logical segmentation of a single mainframe into multiple systems.

24. LIC (Licensed Internal Code): Mainframe firmware.

25. MSUs (Millions of Service Units): Measure processing capacity.

26. MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second): Measure processing capacity.

27. PAX Files: Essential for installing products.

28. SMP (System Modification Program): Controls changes to the operating system.

29. SMF Records: Record types, particularly "Type 89" for SCRT (Sub-Capacity Reporting Tool).

30. SCRT (Sub-Capacity Reporting Tool): Crucial for usage reporting.

31. Type 89 Record: Part of SMF Records, specifically for SCRT.

32. z/VM: z Virtual Machine used to run other z/VMs or operating systems.

33. SAF (Security Access Facility): Standard universal security API in z/Systems to enable security calls to the ESM access control products.

34. RACROUTE: Standard security program instruction used to invoke the SAF API security calls to the ESM(s).

As of now we already know what a mainframe is, as a next step we have prepared a section for those of you that are looking for guidance about mainframe architecture and software. The objective of this session is to share with you the initial information about the mainframe components, architecture foundational concepts, how and from where you should start.

Before proceeding further, let's understand more about the components and architecture of mainframe machines:

Hardware Resources:

Central Processor (CP)

The part of computer that contains the sequencing and processing for:

• Instruction execution: Fetching instructions from memory and decoding these instructions to understand the required action and then executes the decoded instructions using its arithmetic and logic unit (ALU).

• Initial program load: During IPL, the CP loads the operating system into the main memory and starts various system services for the smooth working and operation of mainframe.

• Others machine operations.

Physical Storage:

• Central storage is the primary storage located within the processor complex. It is directly accessible by the Central Processing Unit (CPU) for executing instructions and processing data.

• Auxiliary storage, external to the processor and includes various types of non-volatile storage media.

Logical Partitions (LPARs):

Mainframes are typically divided into Logical Partitions (LPARs), which are subsets of the computer's hardware resources virtualized as separate computers with its own set of hardware resources, such as CPU, memory, and I/O channels. A physical machine can be partitioned into multiple LPARs, each housing a separate operating system. For example, one LPAR might run z/OS while other runs z/VM.

System Peripherals:

• Hardware Master Console (HMC): Controls mainframe hardware .

  • Manages logical partitions (LPARs).

  • Controls system initialization, configuration, and operational tasks.

Software and additional mainframe components:

Operating Systems:

Software that controls the running of programs; in addition, operating system may also provide services like resource allocations, scheduling and data management.

• z/OS: The primary operating system for IBM mainframes, designed for high availability, security, and scalability.

• z/VM: A hypervisor (virtual machine monitor) that allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single mainframe where each VM can run its own operating system.

• z/VSE: An operating system for small and medium-sized mainframe environments used for batch processing and transaction processing.

IBM WebSphere Application Server:

An IBM transaction processing facility for processing messages to/from web services.

Enterprise Security Management (ESM):

Software that provides access control and auditing functionality for z/OS and z/VM operating systems.

Utilities and Tools:

JCL (Job Control Language):

Scripting language for defining and controlling batch jobs on z/OS. In mainframe systems, "batch" refers to a method of processing set of tasks or programs without requiring user interaction in real-time.

Time Sharing Option (TSO):

An operating system facility to enable users to share computer time and resources.

ISPF (Interactive System Productivity Facility):

Provides a better interface for managing z/OS resources, dataset management, and job submission. It offers a more user-friendly interface compared to the command-line interface of TSO.

It was an overview to the components and technology used in mainframe systems before we could move to next part and dive deeper into it.

Understanding the DD Statement

The DD (Data Definition) Statement defines the datasets used in the job. It links the program to the resources it needs, such as input files or temporary storage.

Syntax

//DDNAME DD DSN=data-set-name,DISP=disposition[,parameters]

Parameters

Understanding the EXEC Statement

The EXEC statement serves as the starting point for each individual step within a job or procedure. Its primary role is to specify the program or procedure—whether cataloged or in-stream that the step will execute. Additionally, it provides instructions to the system on how to handle the execution of that step. A single job can include up to 255 steps

Syntax

//STEPNAME EXEC PGM=program-name

• STEPNAME: A unique label for the step.

• PGM: The name of the program or utility to execute.

Example

//STEP1 EXEC PGM=SORT

Here, the SORT utility is executed in the first step of the job.

Understanding the JOB Statement

The JOB Statement is always the first line in a JCL script. It provides high-level details about the job, such as its name, priority, and notification.

Syntax

//JOBNAME JOB (accounting-info),CLASS=x,MSGCLASS=x,NOTIFY=&SYSUID

Parameters Explained

1. JOBNAME: The unique name of the job.

   • Example: PAYROLL1.

2. Accounting Info: Used for tracking resource usage.

   • Example: (12345,67890).

3. CLASS=x: Determines the priority and resource allocation.

   • Example: CLASS=A.

4. MSGCLASS=x: Specifies where system logs are sent.

   • Example: MSGCLASS=X.

5. NOTIFY=&SYSUID: Sends a message to the job submitter upon completion.

If you're new to mainframe computing, Job Control Language (JCL) is a key skill you'll need. Think of it as the set of instructions you give the mainframe to execute specific tasks, like running programs or managing datasets. It doesn’t perform the calculations or logic itself but tells the system what to do, step by step. Whether you’re creating files, processing payroll data, or managing daily logs, JCL acts as the blueprint for the system to follow.

What is JCL and Why Is It Important?

JCL is short for Job Control Language. It’s the language used to communicate with IBM mainframe systems. Unlike general-purpose programming languages, JCL is specific to defining jobs a sequence of steps where each step performs a distinct function.

For example:

1. Step 1: Read input data from a file.

2. Step 2: Run a program to process the data.

3. Step 3: Write the output to a new file.

Without JCL, mainframes wouldn’t know what tasks to perform, which resources to allocate, or where to store the results.

Breaking Down a JCL Job

Every JCL script is structured into three main sections:

1. JOB Statement: Introduces the job to the system and specifies its overall parameters.

2. EXEC Statement: Defines the program or procedure to run in each step.

3. DD (Data Definition) Statements: Specify the datasets and system resources needed for each step.

Example:

//MYJOB JOB (12345,67890),'Demo Job',CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=X,NOTIFY=&SYSUID

//STEP1 EXEC PGM=IEFBR14

//MYDATA DD DSN=MY.TEST.FILE,DISP=(NEW,CATLG,DELETE),

// SPACE=(CYL,(5,5)),UNIT=SYSDA,LRECL=80,RECFM=FB

What’s Happening Here?

1. The JOB Statement introduces the job and sets global parameters, such as:

• CLASS=A: Assigns the job a priority.

• MSGCLASS=X: Specifies where logs are sent.

• NOTIFY=&SYSUID: Notifies the job submitter upon completion.

1. The EXEC Statement

specifies that the IEFBR14 utility is being executed. This utility doesn’t do much other than allocate or delete datasets, but it’s commonly used for testing.

1. The DD Statement defines a new dataset called MY.TEST.FILE

• DISP=(NEW,CATLG,DELETE): Creates the dataset, catalogs it on success, and deletes it if the job fails.

• SPACE=(CYL,(5,5)): Allocates space for the dataset in cylinders.

• LRECL=80 and RECFM=FB: Define the record length and format.

Understanding Libraries in JCL

In JCL, libraries refer to storage locations where datasets, programs, or procedures are stored. They are critical in mainframe environments, as they allow organized access to frequently used resources like executable programs, reusable procedures, or dataset definitions. Libraries ensure efficiency, reusability, and proper organization of system resources.

To successfully run the program that you specify on a JCL, EXEC statement z/OS has to search for and find that program. Using JOBLIB or STEPLIB statements can reduce search time.

When you code the PGM parameter, z/OS looks for a program, and will automatically search standard system program libraries, such as SYS1.LINKLIB, which contains IBM-supplied programs.

If the program you want to run resides in a private program library, you must specify either a JOBLIB statement or a STEPLIB statement for z/OS to successfully locate the program.

JOBLIB (Program Library for All Steps in a Job)

• Specifies the library where the system should search for programs used in all steps of the job.

• JOBLIB applies to every step in the job. This is useful when multiple steps use programs stored in the same library

Example

//MYJOB JOB (123),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=X

//JOBLIB DD DSN=MY.LOAD.LIB,DISP=SHR

//STEP1 EXEC PGM=PROGRAM1

//STEP2 EXEC PGM=PROGRAM2

• Explanation:

  • JOBLIB: Directs the system to MY.LOAD.LIB to locate the programs PROGRAM1 and PROGRAM2 for both steps.

STEPLIB (Program Library for a Specific Step)

• Specifies the library to search for programs for a single step within a job.

• Overrides JOBLIB and applies only to the step where it is defined.

Example:

//STEP1 EXEC PGM=PROGRAM1

//STEPLIB DD DSN=MY.LOAD.LIB,DISP=SHR

Explanation:

• STEPLIB: Directs the system to search for PROGRAM1 in MY.LOAD.LIB.

JCLLIB (Procedure Library for Cataloged Procedures)

• The JCLLIB statement specifies the location of cataloged procedures.

• If the cataloged procedure resides in a specific dataset library, the JCLLIB statement ensures that the system searches that location to find the procedure.

Example:

//MYJOB JOB (123),'Example Job',CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=X

//JCLLIB ORDER=MY.PROC.LIB

//STEP1 EXEC PROC=MYPROC

Explanation:

• JCLLIB ORDER=MY.PROC.LIB: Tells the system to look in MY.PROC.LIB for the cataloged procedure MYPROC.

Conditional statements in JCL let your job “decide” which steps to run, based on what happened in previous steps. It’s like telling your JCL: "If the last step failed, do this; otherwise, do that."

This is useful for handling errors or making your job more flexible, without having to run everything every time.

Example:

//STEP1   EXEC PGM=IGYCRCTL               //* Compile the program
//STEP2   EXEC PGM=TESTPROG               //* Run tests
//IF     (STEP1.RC = 0 AND STEP2.RC = 0) THEN
//STEP3   EXEC PGM=COPYOUT                //* Copy output
//ELSE
//STEP4    EXEC PGM=PRTERRPT              //* Print error report if failed      
//ENDIF 

Explanation:

• STEP1: Try to compile program.

• STEP2: Run tests.

• IF: If both STEP1 and STEP2 ended with a return code (RC) of zero, then do STEP3.

• ELSE: If not, then do STEP4.

• ENDIF: End the conditional block.

When is this used?

• Error Handling: Skip steps if a previous step failed.

• Branching Logic: Decide what to do next based on the previous result.

Creating a Physical Dataset (PS)

//CREATEPS JOB (12345),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=X,NOTIFY=&SYSUID

//STEP1 EXEC PGM=IEFBR14

//MYPS DD DSN=MY.PS.FILE,

// DISP=(NEW,CATLG,DELETE),

// SPACE=(CYL,(1,1),RLSE),

// UNIT=SYSDA,

// DCB=(RECFM=FB,LRECL=80,BLKSIZE=800,DSORG=PS)

Explanation:

1. JOB Statement:

   • Introduces the job as CREATEPS

   • CLASS=A specifies the priority.

What Are Instream Procedures?

• An in-stream procedure is written directly within the same JCL member where it is executed. It starts with a PROC statement and ends with a PEND statement. These procedures consist only of a limited set of JCL statements.

• An in-stream procedure may include: CNTL,COMMENT,DD,END CNTL,EXEC,IF/THEN/ELSE/ENDIF,INCLUDE,SET

• Written directly in the JCL between the PROC and PEND statements.

• Must be defined before the step that executes the procedure.

• Limited to the job in which it is defined

Example

//MYJOB JOB (12345),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=X

//MYPROC PROC

//STEP1 EXEC PGM=IEFBR14

//STEP2 EXEC PGM=PROGRAM2

//PEND

//STEP3 EXEC PROC=MYPROC

Explanation

• MYPROC - PROC: The instream procedure defined in the same JCL file.

• PEND: Marks the end of the procedure.

• EXEC PROC=MYPROC: Invokes the procedure in Step 3.

What Are Cataloged Procedures?

When the procedure is separated out from the JCL and coded in a different data set, it is called a Cataloged Procedure. A PROC statement is not mandatory to be coded in a cataloged procedure

Example

Suppose MYPROC is a cataloged procedure stored in a library. The JCL to invoke it is:

//MYJOB JOB (12345),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=X

//JCLLIB ORDER=MY.PROC.LIB

//STEP1 EXEC PROC=MYPROC

Procedure Definition (Stored in MY.PROC.LIB)

//MYPROC PROC

//STEP1 EXEC PGM=IEFBR14

//STEP2 EXEC PGM=PROGRAM2

Explanation

• JCLLIB ORDER=MY.PROC.LIB: Points to the library where the cataloged procedure is stored.

• EXEC PROC=MYPROC: Executes the predefined steps in the cataloged procedure MYPROC

What Are Symbolic Parameters?

• Symbolic parameters allow us to pass information from JCL to procedures (PROCs), making PROCs reusable with different values when calling from different JCLs.

• They allow us to pass variable information from JCLs to procedures (PROCs) without changing the actual procedures (PROCs) code. This makes it easier to manage jobs and procedures that need to run with different parameters in different situations.

• Symbolic parameters are placeholders or variables used in PROCs. They receive variable data from JCL, which replaces symbolic variables in PROC. Symbolic parameters can be defined and used in the same JCL.

This procedure is stored in a library (e.g., MY.PROC.LIB) and uses symbolic parameters for flexibility.

//COPYPROC PROC FILENAME=DEFAULT.DATA

//STEP1 EXEC PGM=IEBGENER

//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*

//SYSUT1 DD DSN=&FILENAME,DISP=SHR

//SYSUT2 DD DSN=OUTPUT.FILE,DISP=(NEW,CATLG,DELETE),

// SPACE=(TRK,(5,5)),UNIT=SYSDA

JCL Invoking the Procedure

This job invokes the procedure COPYPROC and passes a specific value for the symbolic parameter FILENAME.

//MYJOB JOB (123),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=X

//JCLLIB ORDER=MY.PROC.LIB

//STEP1 EXEC PROC=COPYPROC,FILENAME=MY.INPUT.DATA

Explanation

1. In the Procedure:

   • &FILENAME is a symbolic parameter with the default value DEFAULT.DATA.

2. In the Job:

//SYSUT1 DD DSN=MY.INPUT.DATA,DISP=SHR

//SYSUT2 DD DSN=OUTPUT.FILE,DISP=(NEW,CATLG,DELETE),

// SPACE=(TRK,(5,5)),UNIT=SYSDA

Here is a brief introduction to What is z/OS

Dr. Philipp Brune gave a detailed elaboration about what is z/OS and how it works

In this video, you will learn about the hardware in a typical z/OS Data Center.

To get a comprehensive understanding on z/OS, we strongly recommend you take the IBM Redbooks z/OS Introduction course:

Utilities are simple programs or pre-written programs which perform commonly needed functions

Utilities are widely used by system programmers and application developers to achieve day-to-day requirements, organizing and maintaining data.

There are two types of utility they are dataset utilities and system utilities

Dataset utilities:

• Used to perform the task on the dataset

• Name start with IEB

• IEBCOPY, IEBEDIT, IEBCOMPR, IEBGENER are the few dataset utilities

System utilities:

• Used to perform the task on system Maintenace

• Name starts with IEH

• IEHMOVE, IEHLIST, IEHPROGM are the few System utilities

Common JCL DD names:

• SYSUT1: Input file

• SYSUT2: Output file

• SYSUT3: Work file for input (SYSUT1)

EXAMPLE 1:

Copying a PDS Member to a Sequential Dataset using IEBGENER

Explanation:

• EXEC Statement:

  • Executes the IEBGENER utility to copy data.

• DD Statements:

  • SYSUT1 DD:

    • DSN=T12345.FILE1.PDS(MEMBER1): Specifies the input file as a PDS member (MEMBER1) from the PDS dataset (T12345.FILE1.PDS).

EXAMPLE 2:

Copying a Sequential Dataset to a PDS Member

Explanation:

• EXEC Statement:

  • Executes the IEBGENER utility to copy data.

• DD Statements:

IEBCOMPR

• IEBCOMPR is used to compare a PS, PDS, PDSE dataset

• It is useful for verifying the backups are done correctly

• PS datasets are considered equal if the dataset contain the same number of records and the corresponding records are identical

• PDS, PDSE datasets are considered equal if both contain same number of members, the same number of records and the corresponding records are identical

• The data sets being compared must have same record length and format

• Return code 0 if the files are identical

• Return code 8 if the files are not identical

EXAMPLE:

Comparing two sequential data sets:

Explanation:

EXEC Statement:

• Executes the IEBCOMPR program, which compares two datasets.

DD Statements:

• SYSUT1 DD:

  • DSN=T12345.FILE1.PS: Name of the first dataset to compare.

  SYSUT2 DD:

  • DSN=T12345.FILE2.PS: Name of the second dataset to compare.

If no difference found in SYSUT1 and SYSUT2 then return code is 0 if difference is found then return code is 8

COND=(0, EQ)

This tells JCL: If the previous step’s return code (RC) was zero (no errors), skip this step.

Example:

Explanation:

• STEP1: Try to compile program.

• STEP2: Run tests.

• STEP3: Copies the output but only if compilation and tests worked

• STEP4: Prints an error report if STEP3 failed (RC not 0). If STEP3 worked (RC=0), STEP4 is skipped.

COND=EVEN

This tells JCL: Run this step even if something above failed or abended.

Example:

Explanation:

• STEP1: Try to compile program

• STEP2: Runs tests.

• STEP3: Copies output.

• STEP4: The error report always runs, even if a previous step abend or failure.

COND=ONLY

This tells JCL: Run this step only if something above failed or abended.

Example:

Explanation:

• STEP1: Try to compile program

• STEP2: Runs tests.

• STEP3: Copies output.

• STEP4: Runs only if any previous step (STEP1, STEP2, STEP3) failed or abended.

COND=(4095,LT)

This tells JCL: If the previous step’s return code (RC) was less than 4095, skip this step. Since the maximum possible RC is 4095, this condition means the step will never be skipped, and so this step will almost always execute

Example:

Explanation:

• STEP1: Try to compile the program.

• STEP2: Run tests.

• STEP3: Copy the output.

• STEP4: Prints an error report every time, because RC from STEP3 will always be less than or equal to 4095, so the skip condition is never met.

COND=(4, EQ, STEP2)

This tells JCL: If STEP2’s return code (RC) was 4 (a warning), SKIP this step.

Example:

Explanation:

• STEP1: Try to compile the program.

• STEP2: Run tests.

• STEP3: Copy the output.

• STEP4: Prints an error report if STEP2 did NOT finish with RC=4.

EXAMPLE:

Copying a Sequential Dataset into a PDS Member

//IEBGENER JOB (12345), CLASS=A, MSGCLASS=X,NOTIFY=&SYSUID
//STEP1 EXEC PGM=IEBGENER
//SYSUT1 DD DSN=T12345.FILE1.PS, DISP=SHR
//SYSUT2 DD DSN=T12345.FILE2.PDS, DISP=SHR
//SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSOUT DD SYSOUT=*
//SYSIN DD DD*
        GENERATE MAXNAME=1
        MEMBER NAME = MEMBER1
//

Explanation:

• EXEC Statement: Executes the IEBGENER utility to copy data.

• DD Statements:

  • SYSUT1 DD: Specifies the input dataset T12345.FILE1.PS, which is a sequential dataset.

  • SYSUT2 DD: Specifies the output dataset as a partitioned dataset (PDS), T12345.FILE2.PDS, where a new member will be created.

  • SYSPRINT DD: Directs informational messages or logs to system output (SYSOUT=*).

• SYSIN DD: Uses in-stream data to specify the generation of a new member in the PDS with the following parameters:

  • GENERATE MAXNAME=1: Specifies that one member will be generated.

  • MEMBER NAME=MEMBER1: Creates a member named (MEMBER1) in the partitioned dataset (T12345.FILE2.PDS).

This program uses the IEBGENER utility to copy data from a sequential dataset (T12345.FILE1.PS) into a newly generated member (MEMBER1) within the partitioned dataset (T12345.FILE2.PDS). The (GENERATE) keyword within SYSIN ensures that the member is created with the specified name.

• IEBCOPY is used to copy, merge, and compress Partitioned Datasets (PDS) or Partitioned Dataset Extended (PDSE).

• It is primarily used for copying members between PDS/PDSE datasets and for creating backups of partitioned datasets.

• IEBCOPY can copy an entire PDS/PDSE, selected members, or compress a PDS by removing unused space

• Lists the number of unused directory blocks for efficient dataset utilization.

EXAMPLE:

Copy from one PDS to another PDS

Explanation:

EXEC Statement: Executes the IEBCOPY utility to copy members.

DD Statement:

• SYSUT1 DD: Specifies the input PDS (T12345.SOURCE.PDS) that contains the members to be copied.

• SYSUT2 DD: Specifies the output PDS (T12345.TARGET.PDS) where the members will be copied to.

• SYSPRINT DD: Sends the copy operation log and messages to SYSOUT.

This IEBCOPY JCL program copies all members from one Partitioned Dataset (PDS) (T12345.SOURCE.PDS) to another PDS (T12345.TARGET.PDS).

IEBGENER is used to copy a record from a sequential dataset or convert a dataset from PS to PDS or PDS to PS dataset

Copy operation can be performed on all types of records having different various record length

IEBGENER can use either a Physical Sequential (PS) dataset, a Partitioned Dataset (PDS) member, or a Partitioned Dataset Extended (PDSE) member as input and a new or existing PS file or PDS or PDSE member as an output

EXAMPLE:

Copying Data Between Two Sequential Datasets:

Explanation:

EXAMPLE:

Copying a UNIX System Services (USS) File to a Sequential Dataset

Explanation:

• EXEC Statement: Executes the IEBGENER utility, which is used for copying datasets.

Selective copy in IEBCOPY allows you to copy only specific members from a source PDS to a target PDS, instead of copying the entire dataset. This is useful when you need only a few members and want to avoid duplicating everything. you can achieve this by using the (SELECT MEMBER=xxx) statements in the SYSIN section.

EXAMPLE:

Selective Member Copy from PDS

Explanation:

EXEC Statement: Executes the IEBCOPY utility to copy specific members.

DD Statement:

• DEFINE

  • The DEFINE command is used with the IDCAMS utility to create or define a new dataset

  • It's used to define the GDG base, which acts as a reference point for all related generations.

EXAMPLE:

Exclude Members While Copying PDS

Explanation:

EXEC Statement: Executes the IEBCOPY utility to copy members from one PDS to another, excluding specific ones.

DD Statement:

SYSUT1 DD: Specifies the input PDS (T12345.SOURCE.PDS) that contains all the members.

SYSUT2 DD: Specifies the output PDS (T12345.TARGET.PDS) where the members will be copied, except the excluded ones.

In a GDG each generation represents a different version of the dataset created over time.

Instead of using the full dataset name every time (like MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT.G0005V00), we can refer to generations relatively

(0) always points to the latest (most recently created) generation.

(-1) points to the generation created just before the latest.

(-2) points to the one created before that

Similarly (-3), (-4), etc.

GDG GENERATION

A generation is an individual dataset that belongs to a Generation Data Group (GDG).

Each time you create a new version of the same kind of data (for example, a daily report or a backup file) it becomes a new generation within the GDG

Generations are automatically named by the system with a generation number and a version number at the end like: MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT.G0001V00, MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT.G0002V00

All generations share the same GDG base name (MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT in this example) but have different unique suffixes (GxxxxVxx)

If you run a backup job every night, each night's backup will be stored as a new generation under the same GDG base

EXAMPLE:

Renaming a Member While Copying

Explanation:

EXEC Statement: Executes the IEBCOPY utility program to copy and rename members in a Partitioned Dataset (PDS).

DD Statement:

SYSUT1 DD: Specifies the source PDS (T12345.SOURCE.PDS) that contains the original member (OLDNAME).

SYSUT2 DD: Specifies the target PDS (T12345.TARGET.PDS) where the renamed member (NEWNAME) will be stored.

A GDG (Generation Data Group) is a collection of datasets that are logically related and share a common naming structure. It's commonly used to manage multiple versions of data over time

GDGs help in organizing datasets that are created on a regular basis like daily reports, backups, or job outputs making version control simple and automated

All datasets in a GDG share a common prefix, known as the GDG base.

• Example: MYDATA.TEST.SAMPLE.GDG is the base name

Each dataset in the group is named using the base followed by a generation and version number. Example:

https://techchannel.com/Enterprise/5/2021/red-hat-openshift-4-7

Job responsibilities ensure the IBM Z mainframe is available to the business and business customers, resolving problems, advancing hardware and software technology, controlling change, and serving as a focus point for problem management and resolution.

Operator (Data Center Support)**

Definition: Responsible for the day-to-day operations and maintenance of the mainframe system, including monitoring system performance, running backups, and responding to system alerts.

Skills: Proficiency in mainframe operating systems (e.g., z/OS), knowledge of system monitoring tools, troubleshooting abilities, and strong communication skills.

Resources: IBM manuals, system documentation, monitoring tools.

Category: Operations and Support

Production Control Analyst**

Definition: Manages job scheduling, batch processing, and ensures that production runs smoothly without conflicts or delays.

Skills: Expertise in job scheduling tools (such as CA-7, Control-M), understanding of production environments, strong organizational skills.Resources: Job scheduling software manuals, system logs, production schedules.

Resources: Job scheduling software manuals, system logs, production schedules.

Category: Operations and Support

• Disk Storage Administrator**

Definition: Manages mainframe storage, including allocating disk space, optimizing performance, and ensuring data integrity.

Skills: Knowledge of storage management tools, understanding of disk architectures, troubleshooting skills.

Resources: Storage system documentation, performance monitoring tools, disk allocation guidelines.

Category: Infrastructure and Storage

• Security Administrator**

Definition: Maintains mainframe security, controls access, implements security policies, and monitors for potential security threats.

Skills: Proficiency in security tools (such as RACF), knowledge of security protocols, risk assessment abilities.

Resources: Security manuals, protocols documentation, security analysis tools.

Category: Security and Compliance

• Network Administrator**

Definition: Manages mainframe network configurations, connectivity, and ensures smooth data transmission.

Skills: Network protocols knowledge, familiarity with mainframe network tools, troubleshooting network issues.

Resources: Network configuration guides, monitoring tools, network protocol documentation.

Category: Networking

• Database Administrator**

Definition: Manages mainframe databases, including installation, maintenance, and optimization of databases.

Skills: Proficiency in database management systems (DB2, IMS), SQL expertise, troubleshooting database issues.

Resources: Database manuals, database performance tools, SQL guides.

Category: Database Management

• CICS Administrator**

Definition: Manages Customer Information Control System (CICS), ensuring its smooth operation, performance, and integration with other systems.

Skills: Proficiency in CICS, problem-solving abilities, familiarity with transaction processing.

Resources: CICS documentation, transaction logs, performance monitoring tools.

Category: Middleware and Transaction Processing

• MQSeries Administrator**

Definition: Manages IBM MQ (formerly MQSeries) for message-oriented middleware, ensuring message queue management and connectivity.

Skills: Knowledge of MQ, troubleshooting message queues, understanding of message-oriented middleware.

Resources: MQ documentation, message queue logs, performance monitoring tools.

Category: Middleware and Messaging

• IMS Administrator**

Definition: Manages Information Management System (IMS), ensuring its operation, database connectivity, and performance.

Skills: Proficiency in IMS, database administration skills, troubleshooting IMS-related issues.

Resources: IMS documentation, database logs, performance monitoring tools.

Category: Database Management

Performance and Capacity Planning**

Definition: Analyzes system performance, predicts resource needs, and plans for future system expansion or modifications.

Skills: Performance analysis tools, capacity planning methodologies, forecasting skills.

Resources: Performance analysis tools, historical performance data, capacity planning models.

Category: Performance Analysis and Planning

Management**

Definition: Oversees the mainframe team, sets strategic goals, and ensures efficient operations and resource allocation.

Skills: Leadership, strategic planning, team management, and decision-making abilities.

Resources: Leadership guides, team performance reports, strategic planning tools.

Category: Leadership and Management

Experienced professionals, educators, and contributors – your feedback is needed --- agree, disagree, additional insights about job roles, responsibilities, skills, experience level, jobs within the categorized IBM Z mainframe community, etc.

In a mainframe IT organization, various roles work together to ensure the smooth operation, development, and management of mainframe systems. Here are the roles in the key roles typically found in a mainframe IT organization:

• Programmers, including system programmers, application programmers;

• Administrators, including system administrator (SysAdmin), database administrator (DBA), storage administrator, security administrators, network administrator;

• Analysts and Operators, including system operator, operations analyst, capacity planner, performance analyst, and production control analyst;

• Other mainframe roles include mainframe architects, program designers, technical support specialists, project managers, and vendors.

We will break them down to get you familiarized to each of these roles.

System Programmer

• Role: Installs, configures, and maintains the mainframe operating system (e.g., z/OS) and associated software. They are responsible for system tuning, troubleshooting, and implementing updates and patches.

• Skills: Deep understanding of operating systems, scripting languages (e.g., REXX), assembler language, system utilities, and problem-solving.

Mainframe System Programmer

• Role: Installs, configures, and maintains the mainframe operating system (e.g., z/OS) and associated software. They are responsible for system tuning, troubleshooting, and implementing updates and patches.

• Skills: Deep understanding of operating systems, scripting languages (e.g., REXX), assembler language, system utilities, and problem-solving.

2. Application Developer/Programmer

• Role: Designs, develops, tests, and maintains applications that run on mainframe systems using languages like COBOL, PL/I, Java, and Assembler. They also work on modernizing legacy applications.

• Skills: Proficiency in mainframe programming languages, knowledge of CICS, IMS, JCL, and debugging tools.

3. Database Administrator (DBA)

• Role: Manages mainframe databases such as DB2, IMS, or IDMS. Responsibilities include database design, implementation, performance tuning, backup and recovery, and ensuring data security and integrity.

• Skills: Expertise in database management, SQL, performance tuning, and understanding of storage systems.

4. Systems Administrator (SysAdmin)

• Role: Oversees the mainframe's day-to-day operations, manages system resources, user accounts, and security settings, and ensures optimal performance and availability.

• Skills: Knowledge of z/OS, security protocols, automation tools, and performance monitoring.

5. Operations Analyst/Operator

• Role: Monitors the mainframe's operational status, manages job scheduling and batch processing, responds to system alerts, and performs routine checks to ensure system health.

• Skills: Familiarity with job scheduling tools (e.g., CA-7, Control-M), system monitoring, and problem resolution.

6. Security Administrator

• Role: Manages security protocols, user access, and compliance with security standards on the mainframe. They use tools like RACF, ACF2, or Top Secret to enforce security policies.

• Skills: Knowledge of security software, compliance standards, and risk management.

7. Storage Administrator

• Role: Manages mainframe storage systems, including DASD (Direct Access Storage Device) and tape storage. They handle storage allocation, performance tuning, and data backup and recovery.

• Skills: Expertise in storage management tools, performance analysis, and data backup strategies.

8. Capacity Planner

• Role: Analyzes current and future resource needs to ensure the mainframe environment can handle workload demands. They focus on optimizing performance and planning for upgrades or expansions.

• Skills: Analytical skills, performance monitoring, capacity planning tools, and workload management.

9. Performance Analyst

• Role: Monitors and analyzes system performance to identify bottlenecks and optimize the mainframe environment. They work closely with system programmers and DBAs to tune the system.

• Skills: Performance monitoring tools, data analysis, and knowledge of system internals.

10. Network Administrator

• Role: Manages the mainframe network connections, ensuring secure and reliable communication between the mainframe and other systems. They configure and troubleshoot network protocols and interfaces.

• Skills: Networking knowledge, experience with protocols like TCP/IP, SNA, and network monitoring tools.

11. Production Control Analyst

• Role: Manages and schedules production workloads, ensuring that jobs run on time and without errors. They coordinate with other teams to implement changes and maintain job schedules.

• Skills: Job scheduling software, change management, and attention to detail.

12. Technical Support Specialist

• Role: Provides support for mainframe-related issues, assists users with technical problems, and works to resolve incidents that affect the mainframe environment.

• Skills: Problem-solving, communication skills, and knowledge of mainframe systems and tools.

13. Project Manager

• Role: Oversees mainframe-related projects, coordinating between different teams to ensure project goals are met on time and within budget. They manage timelines, resources, and communication.

• Skills: Project management, leadership, and understanding of mainframe environments.

14. Mainframe Architect

• Role: Designs and oversees the overall structure of mainframe systems, ensuring they meet the organization’s requirements. They provide guidance on best practices and future technology direction.

• Skills: Systems architecture, strategic planning, and in-depth mainframe knowledge.

Large Enterprise IT Production

Think large banks, insurance companies, financial institutions, manufacturing, distribution, store retail, telecommunications, government services, airlines, hotels, etc. These are enterprises with millions of customers, billions of computer processed transactions involving many billions of dollars. Each need IT (Information Technology) support and services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year availability, reliability, serviceability, scalability, and security typically provided by IBM Z mainframe hardware, software, and an IT organization within the enterprise.

The job roles and responsibilities include significant separation of duties. As a result, each job role includes task that are typically well defined with senior technicians available to mentor new hires to become technically proficient.

These jobs include an expectation to learn the business over time to grasp the significant of a given job role within the larger context of supporting the business.

Consider the question, “What is Blue Cross / Blue Shield?”. Many might respond, “a health care organization”. Blue Cross / Blue Shield for a given state is a large IT organization processing related to health care insurance agreements and health care insurance claims.

Many of these large enterprises must operate using mandated regulations, policies, and procedures. A regulation of large IT organizations providing support and services to a large enterprise is a separation of duties and responsibilities. The regulation is a safeguard to mitigate risk. The separation of duties results in well defined specific job responsibilities and skills.

The good news is individual job responsibilities give full attention to a very specific IT job enabling the employee to get extremely skilled within the specific job responsibility. These jobs will have well defined job procedures and tasks completed by numerous technicians from entry level to highly experienced. These jobs at an entry level can be a great place to start a career. Many of these IT jobs can be mastered quickly because they are typically well defined tasks that entry level would learn from highly experienced technicians in the group.

The bad news is lack of exposure and understanding of the other IBM Z mainframe job responsibilities and skills. Once you become one of the highly experienced members of the group, it is best to develop leadership skills to mentor the early career hires while looking for another job role either within the many job roles in the company or outside the company.

A great advantage of learning IBM Z mainframe, the technology is a critical tool of business applied to wide variety industries. Your skill with the critical IBM Z mainframe business tool makes you valuable to many employers.

Medium or Small Enterprise IT Production

The medium and small enterprises will have smaller number of customers, smaller total revenue, and typically do not have the strict regulation requirements that are mandatory at most larger enterprises. As a result, the medium and small enterprise IT organizations combine job roles and responsibilities.

The good news is those with significant experience from medium and small enterprises typically have more diverse experience and awareness of all IBM Z mainframe technology after several years of on the job experience.

The bad news is the learning journey involving a variety of combined job roles and responsibilities will take longer to master. Also, the medium and small IT organizations are more likely to recruit those with experience from other IT organizations.

What all the enterprise IT production organizations have in common is collection, storage, and processing of data securely. What makes various industry enterprise IT production different is the volume of data, variety of data, regulations applied to the data, and speed at which the data must be processed.

The job roles and responsibilities include significant combination of duties discussed in the Large Enterprise IT Production. As a result, each job role includes tasks that are diverse with senior technicians available to mentor new hires to become technically proficient. Mastery of the combined job roles will take longer.

These jobs include an even higher expectation to learn the business over time to grasp the significant of a given job role within the larger context of supporting the business.

While mastering combination of job roles will take longer, the outcome is significant responsibility with higher compensation and personal value.

Examples of combined job roles include:

· Systems Programmer responsibilities for all System Administration, Performance and Capacity Planning, Systems and Solution Architect Consultation.

· Operations responsibilities for all Operations which potentially could include Systems Programming and Systems Administrator job responsibilities.

Independent Software Vendors and IBM

Independent Software Vendors, ISVs, provide software to production IT organizations necessary to run and support the Production IT business application services.

Enterprise IT may have software engineers titles, job roles and responsibilities. It is more likely Independent Software Vendor and Consulting/Integration organizations will have software engineer titles as a result of specific software product offerings and/or service/support offerings provided to enterprise IT organizations.

IBM provides the IBM Z mainframe hardware with support and services. IBM provides the IBM Z mainframe operating systems such as z/OS with support and services.

Production IT organizations will typically purchase software from ISVs. It is in the best interest of production IT organizations to purchase software which comes with on-going support, services, maintenance, and feature/function enhancements. In the long run it is far more cost effective for the company than writing and maintaining software in the majority of situations. Many production IT job responsibilities include installation, configuration, implementation, and production support for these ISV software products.

Production IT support personal have an immediate escalation support organization to contact when problems are encountered involving these ISV software products. The ISV support includes highly experienced technical personal that enables you to resolve problems with their products quickly while advancing your technical skills.

In addition to IBM providing the IBM Z mainframe, IBM provides hardware support and services, operating system support and services, and operating system software product support and services. Many production IT job responsibilities include installation, configuration, implementation, and production support for IBM Z hardware, operating systems, and software products.

Production IT support personnel have an immediate escalation support organization to contact when problems are encountered involving the IBM Z mainframe, operating systems, and software products. The IBM support organization include highly experienced technical personal that enables you to resolve problems with IBM products quickly while advancing your technical skills.

ISVs and IBM have excellent relationships. IBM and ISVs objective is to best serve the mutual customers that use the IBM Z mainframe. Additionally, offering customer choice is just good business for ISVs and IBM. Frequently, ISVs fill opportunity gaps with products, features, and functions not available in IBM software products.

The job roles and responsibilities are significantly different from Enterprise IT Production and Facility and Service Providers.

ISVs create, maintain, and support IBM Z mainframe software products used by Enterprise IT businesses.

The job roles are focused on software product creation, maintenance, support, product consulting, product marketing, and product sales.

The ISV job roles can be entry level and progress to high experience levels. The various job roles are determined by the needs to provide software products, support, and services need by Enterprise IT and the Facility and Service Providers.

An ISV Systems/Solution Architects would work closely with ISV marketing and sales associates to understand and article the needs of the Enterprise IT and Facility/Service Provides to provide product programming developers tasks to build, maintain, advance, and support the ISV software product portfolio.

Experienced ISV product developers and ISV product support personnel need to possess technical skills and proficiency with parts for the IBM Z mainframe operating system, system programming, and systems administration technical responsibilities in order to support the ISV software product within the Enterprise IT or Facility/Service Provider organizations. Experienced ISV associates enable technical growth of Enterprise IT or Facility/Service Provider as a result of the ISV technical support.

IBM has many thousands of employees responsible for design, build, and support of the IBM Z mainframe hardware, operating systems, and software products used by Enterprise IT or Facility/Service Providers. IBM, like the ISVs, have highly specialized job responsibilities focused on hardware, specific components of the operating systems, and software products.

Like the ISVs, IBM marketing, sales, architects, and consultants work closely with each other and their assigned Enterprise IT or Facility/Service Provider organizations requiring them to have awareness of the various Enterprise IT or Facility/Service Provider job responsibilities to best help Enterprise IT or Facility/Service Provider support their tasks and advancing their technology.

Consulting and System Integration

Development, maintenance, enhancement, and modernizing large scale end-to-end business application services requires deep industry specific knowledge accompanied by knowledge and awareness of IT hardware and software to be proposed and implemented by various IT departments.

While IBM Z mainframe hardware and software are critical, end-to-end business solutions involve technology external to the IBM mainframe such as networks, Point of Sale (POS) devices, Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) devices, cell phones, internet browsers, and wide variety of emerging technology devices known as Internet of Things (IOT).

Consulting and System Integration organizations are frequently retained by large enterprise production IT Management, and senior technical staff members to assist with development, maintenance, enhancement, and modernizing large scale end-to-end business application services specific to their industry.

An internet search ‘business consulting and system integration’ provides insight into this job category. These organizations need business oriented thinking staff with technology specific skills such as IBM Z mainframe technology.

These job roles are primarily business and industry focused but require a much better than average knowledge and awareness of the distinctive strengths of varies hardware and software technology to propose solutions.

The IBM Z mainframe is playing a significantly bigger role in the large scale business solutions today and will be playing a bigger role in the future as a result of the ‘holy grail’ of IT business application processing – prescriptive analytics at time of transaction. Recent technology advancements in IBM Z mainframe hardware and software opened the door for development and implementation of prescriptive analytics and time of transaction. A set of ‘Data Science’ job roles exist and will grow as a result.

An internet search ‘prescriptive analytics’ provides insight into this job category. While IBM and ISVs provide software to help implement prescriptive analytics, the purchase of software follows a developed business solution plan by the production IT organization typically with the assistance of System Integration Consultants.

Consulting and System Integration focus is on industry targeted Enterprise IT organizations with the intention to assist the organization decision making involved with design/plan for new business services and modernization of existing business services. These job roles need a surface level awareness of the business organization, various technical roles, responsibilities, and skills to accomplish their mission as trusted advisories to the Enterprise IT executives, management, and senior level technicians to make good technology decisions.

Internet search ‘Business Consulting and System Integration’ to gain insights about this IBM Z mainframe ecosystem category. You will find many of the well know business consulting organizations that are well known by enterprise executives.

While this is a separate IBM Z mainframe ecosystem category, it is common for Enterprise IT and Facility/Service Providers to engage with IBM, ISVs, and the Business Consulting and System Integration organizations to evaluate various design/plan options to technology advance and grow the Enterprise IT and Facility/Service Providers.

Facility and Service Providers

Large, medium and small enterprise businesses along with government entities exist to products and services. The company executives may decide their primary mission may not be IT and might negotiate with a Facilities and Service Provider to use their Data Center

An enterprise IT organization is mandatory to provide enterprise business services. It is possible for the enterprise to pay a different company to provide IBM Z mainframe data center facilities hardware, software, network, technical support and services, commonly known as Infrastructure as a Service, IaaS.

The Facilities and Service Providers job roles are highly focused on the hardware, software, and network technology. The business organization may choose to focus exclusively the on the business and business services.

Contracting with a Facility and Service Provider requires the enterprise to have staff that is technically proficient to supervisor the day-to-day IT services in addition to details involving performance, capacity, service level agreements, variable costs of services, risk mitigation, oversight of data security, requirements for new features and functions.

Facility and Service Providers technical job roles are very similar to those of the Enterprise IT Production organizations. The difference separation from knowledge of the business. Another difference is Facility and Service Provider technicians skills and tasks are frequently applied to many different Enterprise IT Production organizations.

IT Architect roles and responsibilities are diverse. These are rarely entry level positions. They are job responsibilities requiring specific career experiences. An architect translates the needs of a business into big picture blueprints for implementation. Architect skills and capabilities are acquired through experiences with specific business experience to be applied to future business technology decisions. What all architects have in common is methodologies' used to guide the development process and ensure that the final product meets the organization’s specific needs.

Solution Architect

Definition: involves the organization of software systems leveraged by a company and is a recognized visionary strategist.**

Skills:

Resources:

Category:

Enterprise Architect

Definition: must take a broader view and check whether the solution strategy chosen by the solution architect is in accord with the company’s mission. To do that, the enterprise architect should be aware not only of the organization’s internal policies and goals but of the environment as well.**

Skills:

Resources:

Category:

System Architect

Definition: involves the physical placement of all software components on hardware.**

Skills:

Resources:

Category:

Technical Architect

Definition: works in close cooperation to deliver the best result, providing a link between the strategic idea and its technical implementation. While executing an IT project, technical architects adopt a hands-on approach, which requires an exceptional level of in-depth proficiency. This requirement conditions two peculiarities of technical architect vs solution architect.**

Skills:

Resources:

Category:

In 2016 a new way of learning and earning credentials in the IT world was launched. Digital Certificate Badges allow you to easily share your achievements on social media. The Badges are based on a specific topic and expertise area. As you learn, you earn Digital Certificates Badges to add to your curriculum, on your social media and share with others. It is a great new way of learning that helps you to increase your skills while you also engage with the community.

Mainframe ecosystem embraced this approach, and we can find most of the mainframe content in a Badge layout. In this section you will find some initial free of charge recommendations on how to earn Badges and start to leverage your skills in mainframe.

ALTERing a GDG Base

Sometimes after creating a GDG base you might realize you need to change its properties like increasing the limit of generations or switching from NOEMPTY to EMPTY.

Instead of deleting and recreating the base you can simply use the ALTER command to update the existing GDG base definition

You can change attributes like LIMIT, EMPTY/NOEMPTY, and SCRATCH/NOSCRATCH.

You cannot change the GDG name with ALTER command you would need to delete and recreate if you want a new name.

EXAMPLE

//ALTERGDG JOB (12345),CLASS=A,MSGCLASS=X,NOTIFY=&SYSUID
//STEP01  EXEC PGM=IDCAMS
//SYSIN   DD  *
    ALTER MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT LIMIT(10)
/*

Explanation:

This JCL alters the GDG base MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT to allow 10 generations instead of its previous limit.

DELETEing a GDG Base:

If you no longer need a GDG base (and its associated generations), you can use the DELETE command.

If the generations were created with SCRATCH, they will be completely removed from both catalog and disk.

If the generations were created with NOSCRATCH, they will be uncataloged only and still reside on disk. You will need to know their exact names to access them later.

EXAMPLE:

MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT <-----— GDG base MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT.G0001V00 <-----— GDG generation MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT.G0002V00 <-----— GDG generation MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT.G0003V00 <-----— GDG generation

Explanation:

DELETE MYDATA.BACKUP. REPORT: Specifies the name of the GDG base that you want to delete.

GDG:Tells the system that the target to be deleted is a Generation Data Group (GDG) base not a regular dataset.

FORCE:Used to delete the GDG base even if it has active generation datasets under it.deletes the base along with all of its generations.

PURGE:Forces the delete, even if the dataset is in use or protected. Useful when normal delete doesn't work

Generation Dataset Group base

A GDG base is a catalog entry that defines the common part of the name for all generation datasets.

It doesn't store any data itself but controls how generations are created and managed

It sets the rules like how many generations can exist and what happens when the limit is reached

Before using a gdg we need to create a gdg base using the IDCAMS utility. once the base is created we can start creating generations (individual datasets) under it.

EXAMPLE

Creating a GDG base with a 5-Generation Limit automatically deleting the oldest when the limit is reached

EXPLANATION:

• DEFINE GDG

  • Command used to create a new GDG base entry in the catalog.

• NAME(MYDATA.BACKUP.REPORT)

This article speaks to the importance of Cobol Programming for today's business:

Business Application and Software Product programmer job roles differ significantly across the 5 IBM Z mainframe ecosystem categories.

Business Application Programmer**

Definition:

Skills:

Resources:

Category:

Software Product Programmer**

Definition:

Skills:

Resources:

Category:

Data Science/Analytics**

• Data Scientist**

• Data Engineer**

• Data Analyst**

Business Intelligence Developer**

Definition:

Skills:

Resources:

Category:

Overview

IT Software Engineers build and maintain the software and automation that keeps platforms and products running—including operating-system adjacent components, tooling, integration, build/release pipelines, and reliability improvements.

They work with system programmers, analysts, architects, and other engineers to design and improve system capabilities, define performance interfaces, and coordinate software installation and change.

Typical responsibilities

• Analyze user and business needs and translate them into technical requirements.

• Design, implement, and maintain platform-level software components and integrations.

• Automate repeatable operational tasks (provisioning, deployments, configuration, compliance checks).

Common job titles (examples)

• z/OS Systems Programmer (Base / z/OS): Installs, configures, and maintains the z/OS operating system and core components.

• DevOps / CI/CD Engineer (Mainframe): Builds pipelines for mainframe builds/tests/deployments and integrates with enterprise DevOps tooling.

• Platform / Automation Engineer: Creates automation for workflows, provisioning, and environment consistency.

Skills

Mainframe platform fundamentals

Mainframe tooling & problem determination

Performance & reliability

Change, release, and maintenance discipline

Engineering skills (portable across platforms)

Languages & automation (commonly seen)

Next steps (recommended learning path)

Learning resources

• (how this role fits into the overall role taxonomy)

• (glossary-level familiarity)

Category

• Role type: IT Software Engineering (see )

• Employer categories: commonly found across multiple categories (see )

• System Programmers: Responsible for the installation, maintenance, and customization of the mainframe operating system and related software.

• Application Developers: Focus on designing, developing, testing, and maintaining applications that run on the mainframe.

• Database Administrators: Manage and oversee database systems, ensuring their availability, performance, and security.

• Security Analysts: Protect the mainframe environment by implementing security measures and monitoring potential threats.

• Operations Analysts: Ensure the efficient operation of mainframe hardware and software, troubleshooting issues as they arise.

• Technical Support Specialists: Provide assistance and solutions to users encountering technical difficulties with mainframe systems.

• Network Administrators: Oversee the connectivity and communication between the mainframe and other networks.

Employer Categories

IBM Z mainframe jobs are within and separated by 5 unique employer categories serving governments and all industries globally.